The Dividend Relevance Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1310 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The paper starts by examining the effect of taxes on earning of a corporation in respect of dividends capital gains. In the journal article prepared by (Brennan, 1970) he asserted through the work of (Selwyn, 1967) that corporate earnings are paid out entirely as dividends and are taxed as personal income. In addition to this, (Selwyn, 1967) also stated that corporate earnings are translated into capital gains with all gains being realised immediately by investors and taxed at capital gains rates. (Selwyn, 1967) Further developed a model which calculates the operating income per share of the entity before interest and tax payments. By partially differentiating the model with respect to; the amount of corporate debt outstanding per share of common stock (Dc) the amount of personal debt outstanding per share of common stock (Dp), we get the cost of personal corporate debt. Which the results assert through (Selwyn, 1967) that; Tp Tg + Tc + TgTc Where; Tp, Tg, Tc, denot e the marginal personal income, capital gains corporate tax rate. The above verifies that the tax rate on personal income exceeds the tax rate on capital gains cumulated with the tax rate of corporations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Dividend Relevance Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The paper further explains why in spite of the above, firms still prefer paying dividends which have a higher cost as opposed to capital gains. Dividend relevance Theory Signaling Theory According to this theory in an imperfect information setting, dividends act like a signal to investors from management on the expected cash flows of the firm. Bhattacharya 1979(p.260) ignored other sources of information such as account reports, on the basis that they are unreliable alone as they contain moral hazard when reporting profitability. A reason for a firm to pay dividends is, Martin Feldstein and Jerry Green 1983(p.2) if a firm decides to opt increasing retained earnings; it will negatively affect return on capital and increase the total level of investment. Also having increased retained earnings could completely or partially replace debt finance, hence affecting capital structure of the firm. Litner (1956) and Fama and Babier (1960) found a positive liaison between the annual dividend paid by a firm and the earnings of the firm that agrees in harmony with the perspective that firms will normally increase or pay-out high dividends with their earnings . This will therefore signal to outside investors the performance of the firm, hence increasing the cash flow of the firm as it attracts new investors. Agency Cost of Dividend Policy Giving out dividends reduces the agency problem between shareholders and management, the reason being that there is a reduction in discretionary funds available to management. Dividends hedge against the chance of a firm going bankrupt before there is a distribution of saved up assets. If we assumed that managers are not perfect agents in the corporate venture, but that they pursue their own interests when they can, and because the managers are not the residual claimants to the firms income stream, there might be a considerable deviation between their interests and those of the other participants. Given the existence of debt, managers can control the amount of risk and one way they can is by selecting a dividend policy. If managers first issue debt and then go on to finance new projects with retained earnings, the debt-equity ratio will fall. The lower it falls, the managers risk is lowered and the greater the benefits given on the debt holders, who will then receive their interest rate but escape the risk. Financing projects out of retained earnings if unanticipated by bondholders-transfers wealth Dividends can a keep firm in the capital market where there is monitoring of managers at a lower cost, may be beneficial in amending the level of risk taken on by managers and the different investor class. This explanation offers hope of accepting why firms instantaneously pay out dividends and raise new funds in the capital market. Bird-in-hand theory This viewpoint states that there is a direct relationship between firm dividend policy and market value. Closely related to the signalling idea is the notion that shareholders distrust the management and fear that retained earnings will be wasted in poor investments, higher management compensation, etc. According t o this argument, in the absence of taxation shareholders would clearly prefer a bird in hand and this preference is strong enough to pressure management to make dividend payments even when this involves a tax penalty. The arguments are attributed to Gordon and lintner who suggested that there is in fact a direct relationship between dividend policy and a firms market value. Fundamental to this proposition is their bird-in-hand argument, which suggests that investors see current dividends as certain and therefore less risky than capital gains. Investors are risk averse and therefore prefer present dividends as opposed to future gains. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, (Harcourt, 2002) .Gordon and Lintner argue that current dividend payments reduce investor uncertainty, causing investors to discount the firms earnings at a lower rate, ceteris paribus, to place a high value on the firms stock. Conversely, if dividends are reduced or not paid, investor uncertainty wi ll increase, raising the required return and lowering the stocks value therefore this may be taken as a reason why most firms prefer, in spite of the personal tax differential in favour of capital gains, pay out a large share of their earnings as dividends. (J J, 2012) Investors deem returns of firms as unique and would prefer to receive dividends and thus giving them an opportunity to diversify their investment. Concluding remarks As noted by (Brigham, 2007) when deciding on how much of the firms profits to be distributed out to stockholders, the financial managers always bear in mind that the firms primary objective is to maximise shareholder wealth and this paying out of dividends should be based in large part on investors preference for dividends versus capital gains. (Brigham, 2007) further stated that according to the Clientele Effect dividend theory, different groups of stockholders prefer different dividend pay-out policies. Now, with this being said, stocks of these firms that tend to pay out more of their earnings as dividends tend to attract those investors that are interested in a sure dividend today as opposed to an uncertain future capital gain as explained by the Clientele Effect. Over above this, (Brigham, 2007) asserted that how much of the profits of the firm are distributed out to investors as dividends sometimes tend to depend on the investment opportunities available to that partic ular firm. Research has shown that firms in mature and very profitable industries where very few investment opportunities exist tend to pay out large proportions of their earnings to investors as dividends because there limited opportunities. The opposite has also been proved to be true for firms with a number of profitable opportunities available to them. According to other researchers, another reasonable explanation of why firms would opt to pay out large proportions of their earnings as dividends is because of the issue of separation and ownership of the firm. They state that the financial managers would pay dividends to stockholders to communicate the level of growth of real income of the firm because the financial reports of the firm do not fully outlay some aspects such as the future prospects of the firm. (Feldstein, 1983) Another explanation of why firms would opt to pay dividends as opposed to capital gains as explained by some researchers is that, elderly investors w ho are shareholders are probably subject to lower tax rates. Pettit (1977), during his study, found out that there is a positive relationship between the ages of investors and the dividend yield of the portfolios they hold. He further continued to explain why firms pay out dividends by stating that is so because these elderly investors depend on this current income from their investments for current consumption and also that they do so to avoid transaction costs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

The Controller Of Sdn Architecture Stronger New Heart...

The Controller in SDN architecture: Stronger new heart for Broadband Network Tian Mei Illinois Institute of Technology Computer Science college Stuart Building 10 W 31 ST Chicago, United States tmei1@hawk.iit.edu Abstract—Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new intelligent architecture which is composited by several kinds of network technology aimed at making the network as agile and flexible as possible. The SDN Controller is one of the most important components in the SDN architecture. The SDN Controller can help the network architecture to reduce hardware limitations, and allowing network engineers and administrators to respond quickly to changing business requirement. It indicates the perfect relationships between software†¦show more content†¦SDN architectures decouple network control and forwarding functions, enabling network control to become directly programmable and the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted from applications and network services. Figure 2. SDN Architecture II. SDN CONTROLLER 1. At first, the SDN Controller is designed as the following functionsï ¼Å¡ (1) â€Å"Translating the requirements from the SDN Application layer down to the SDN Data paths.† (2) â€Å"Providing the SDN Applications with an abstract view of the network (which may include statistics and events). â€Å" An SDN Controller consists of one or more NBI Agents, the SDN Control Logic, and the Control to Data-Plane Interface (CDPI) driver. As in Figure 3 shows, an SDN controller will command the switches, the switch will do what actions they should take by the southbound API. Open Flow is the only way between an SDN controller and switches. Anther need to point out is that the programmability of SDN controller is by implementing a northbound API. The Figure 3. SDN and Switch Open flow 2. The Functions of SDN controller. The SDN controller have ten factors totally. As fig.4 shows, there are 1. Open Flow Support, 2. Network Virtualization, 3. Network Functionality, 4. Scalability, 5. Performance, 6. Network Programmability, 7. Reliability, 8. Security of the Network, 9. Centralized Management and Visualization, 10. The SDN Controller Vendor. For example, for the security of the Network, the SDN

Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment Free Essays

I was appalled when I saw the first set of graphs conducted on the 600 employees, ND that the balance between life and work was so low on the list. Honestly, now that I have a child at home, I chose that as one of my top 5, but If you would have asked me two years ago I probably wouldn’t have put that as an important aspect. I obviously chose Job security because no matter what, I want to know that I am Important to the company and that they need me to be there in order for everything to run smoothly, which In turn will almost guarantee that I will always have an available position within that company. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second most important Job aspect to me is the availability for career advancement. I am the type of person that always wants to better herself and to climb right up that corporate ladder. I don’t ever want to settle with a position when I know that there is one higher and within my reach and ability if I were to try hard enough, and to complete the tasks necessary to gain that position. So if a company does not have the opportunity for advancement, then it is not the right place for me, and I probably wouldn’t even consider working there. Pay is obviously important because it is what make after working hard all day long for the company. It Is also what helps to support my family. As we’ve all heard â€Å"money makes the world go ’round†. I want to be rewarded for my accomplishments and to know that I am Important by the amount of money I make. The way I see It, the better I am at my job and the harder I work, the more money I make the company, so, why shouldn’t I be rewarded for that? The fourth most important aspect to me is benefits. This also would not have been Important before I had a family. As a high school or even young college student, you don’t think â€Å"l want to get great benefits when I graduate†. I honestly didn’t even know what the word meant until I moved out of my parents house and got a Job on my own. Now that I have a family though, the benefits are most definitely an Important aspect of any Job. After reviewing the chart by the SHIRR my results are much more Like theirs than on the website. My numbers 1, 3, 4, and 5 are all located within the top 5 on their chart. My number 2, Career Advancement was not located anywhere on the top of can’t, out actually second to last. I Nils contuses me, Decease tenet under two Is compensation and pay, but in order to make more money, you must advance your career. The farther up the corporate ladder you are, the more money you are likely to make. I guess when taking part in the survey people were not thinking about advancing their careers to make more money, but maybe were happy with where they were within their business. It is most definitely possible to get a raise in pay without changing positions and advancing. Everyone has different ways of thinking and maybe other people are not like me. Maybe they do not like change and want to be within the same position for as long as that position is available to them. There is no wrong or right when it comes to people’s opinions. I was glad to see that more people polled for Flexibility to balance life and work issues as I believe this is important to anyone who has a family or wishes to have one. I would say that between all three charts Compensation and Benefits have topped them, which proves the saying â€Å"Money Talks†. How to cite Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment, Papers

Critical thinking in Nursing Process-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Critically discuss the significance of Critical thinking skills in the Implementation of Nursing Process, and exemplify its application at your own Clinical area. Answer: Critical thinking in nursing practice refers to the process of skillfully and actively perceiving, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating collected information through experience and communication leading to informed decisions. Nursing education at present times has been giving focus on critical thinking as it is frequently referred to in the nursing domain. Critical thinking has prime importance in the regular clinical nursing practice. The fundamental critical thinking skills nurses include the ability to demonstrate critical analysis, valid conclusion drawing, distinguishing facts and opinions, and undertaking evaluation the credibility of information sources. Critical thinking is to be considered as an indispensable process for the safe, effective, efficient and skilful nursing practice leading to best patient outcomes. Research has indicated that nurses can foster critical thinking through self-confidence, integrity, perseverance, and interest for research (Finkelman, 2015). The present paper critically discusses the significance of critical thinking skills in the implementation of the nursing process. In addition, exemplification of its application is provided with respect to the clinical area of the hospital setting. Evidence from a rich pool of literary sources guide this paper. The paper ends with a cumulative conclusion to the comprehensive discussion. Critical thinking, as highlighted by Black (2016) is considered by nurses for application in practice with the aim of solving problems and undertaking a flawless decision making process that enhances the impact of nursing care. Researchers indicate the benefit of critical thinking in ensuring efficient and safe nursing intervention. Critical thinking is the mental active process that considers subtle analysis of information for conviction for action. Nursing education has focused on critical thinking for more than five decades, guiding an evolution of the definition for critical thinking. A deep look into the literary source would highlight different definitions for the same. As per the American Philosophical Association (APA) critical thinking is the self-regulatory and purposeful judgment utilising cognitive tools such as elucidation, inquiry, assessment, inference for resting the judgment on. Critical thinking also upholds explanation of the methodological, evidential, criteriolog ical, conceptual, or contextual clinical considerations. A more general explanation for critical thinking has been given by (DiCenso et al., 2014). As per the authors, critical thinking is the self-monitored, self-directed, self-corrective and self-disciplined thinking. It acts by supposing assent to arduous standards of quality care. In addition, it entails effective communication and problem solving capabilities. Nurses showing critical thinking abilities are expected to overcome socio-centrism and egocentrism. All nurses are expected to develop a good habit of showing. However, they are not in a position to escape the fundamental structures of the clinical traditions and practices that guide clinical decision making under certain conditions. LoBiondo-Wood et al., (2013) opined that a set of skills are to be cultivated by a nurse in order to demonstrate critical thinking skills. These encompass critical analysis, introductory and concluding justification, valid conclusion, distinguishing facts and opinions to assess the credibility of sources of information, clarification of concepts, and recognition conditions. Critical analysis refers to the process of asking questions to determine the difference between ideas that are necessary and unnecessary. Such an analysis is necessary for extracting out the important ideas and information. This thus rationalizes any certain idea that determines what is appropriate and what is not. Two other critical thinking skills are the inference and concluding justification. When justification is upheld for inductive generalizations from a large set of observations and data, a unique interpretation can be formed. Justification, however, is to be formed from the general concept to something sp ecific. In the process of critical thinking, a nurse is to discriminate and analyze prerogatives on the basis of facts, opinions, conclusions and judgments. A primitive stage of critical thinking is assessment. This refers to the action of confirming the correctness and truthfulness of the gathered information by collecting and studying other pools of evidence as well as relevant informants (Potter et al., 2016). Popil (2011) demystified critical thinking skills and implications in nursing context. This certain skills in an integral aspect of nursing that saves crisis from occurring. Crisis is common to occur in hospital settings since different professionals work with different mindset and approaches. Nurses who are critical thinkers do not usually jump to irrelevant conclusions since the thought process is rational. Critical thinking is also to be perceived as reflective wherein nurses think of previous experiences and apply lessons learnt in present context. Critical thinking is also autonomous since there is no chance of manipulating the individual. A very important element of critical thinking is creative thinking, embedded in principles of coming up with original ideas. The authors, however, highlighted that nurses holding responsible positions in healthcare settings must be aware of the environment around before applying critical thinking skills. Environments that encourage and stimula te novice ideas are bets for showcasing critical analysis skills. Nurses who take manager position are to scrutinize the impact on other professionals before drawing a conclusion for avoiding conflicts. Kong et al., (2014) pinpointed the benefits and profits of having critical thinking skills in a hospital environment. As suggested by the authors, critical thinking is not just a concept. Rather, it is a real-life model helping in building successful problem solving abilities. It is actually a comprehensive system that focuses on adhering to logical steps and arriving at an appropriate and decisive conclusion. The main benefits of critical thinking are the ability to save time and have a different approach. A mindset guided by critical thinking saves time since irrelevant information is ignored and relevant information is given focus on. Prioritization of resources and time is enabled by this process. When a nurse thinks critically, the learning developments of the individual is guided by the knowledge of how to approach problems differently. Instead of being dependent on a standard process, a nurse can think out-of-the-box and come up with novice and more advanced ideas. Oja (2011) has to say that critical thinking permits a nurse to see beyond the smaller contexts and learn how to make sense of factors that are fundamental to decision making. This understanding and perceptive approach are decisive to successful leadership and teamwork. Further, enhanced communication is a benefit gained. Nurse becomes a better communicator if critical thinking builds the evidence used for communication. Consistent points emerge for supporting the theory that nurses rely on for communicating the clinical scenario. This is pivotal for putting forward an idea and proposal in a proficient manner. Transformation in decision making approach is also evident when one has critical thinking ability. Nurses leave behind their tendency to rely on intuition and work more analytically. Lastly, a professional who is a critical thinker is more reasoned and gains appreciation as a balanced and mature problem solver. Making decisions in logic and appropriate reasons, instead of insti nct, leads to effectual problem solving (Choi et al., 2014). The application of critical thinking in nursing process can be best understood with the help of some clinical examples. Donahue (2011) gave a valuable example of critical thinking in nursing in a hospital setting. A patient had her left leg amputated above the knee. The patient was on a dilaudid PCA and was complaining of pain. Even after a considerable time frame there was no improvements made. The nurse informed the physician that the medications administered were of not much use. Additional oral opioids were added, and the nurse was asked to provide both PCA and oral doses, with the aim of weaning off PCA. The nurse in such a case was in a dilemma on how to achieve pain relieve and wean off PCA. The patient was asked to describe the nature of pain that he was suffering from to which he described it to be a nerve pain with tingling and burning sensation. The medications made his condition worse, and she felt like dying. The nurse demonstrated critical thinking skills to highlight t hat nerve pain are reported by patients who suffer from diabetic neuropathy. Patients with diabetic neuropathy are administered gabapentin for their pain. Critical thinking was again carried out for understanding whether this medication can work for patients undergoing amputation. The surgeon was called for, and an open discussion was promoted to highlight whether the suggested medicine could be used after explaining the nature of pain of the patient. The physician agreed to the idea and gave permission to administer the medicine. After two days of administering gabapentin, there was a significant reduction in the pain and discomfort feeling suffered by the patient. There was a significant improvement in patient condition thereafter as he could work with the therapies provided since the pain was curbed and made tolerable. Another suitable example of critical thinking undertaken by nurses in the hospital environment was explained by Chinn and Kramer (2013). A nurse was required to care for a 27-year-old patient. The day shift nurse had expressed frustration with the physician caring for the patient. The patient was apparently very sick and had resting heart rate in the 160s. In addition, he had low haemoglobin. There were no proper interventions provided till then. The patient had not undergone any key assessment. The concerned nurse immediately assessed the patients condition and found her to be lethargic, pale with increased respiratory efforts. Low blood pressure and increased heart rate were the chief concerns. The nurse immediately called a rapid response code for getting the physician as well as respiratory therapist. As the nurse critical thought about the patient condition, the need for IV fluids and blood transfusion became prominent. The rationales for the suggested actions were explained to the concerned physician who thereafter ordered blood transfusion. The patient was eventually shifted to the ICU. The nurse also critically analysed her condition and the fact that the patient was married struck her thought. Oral contraceptives place a patient at high risk for respiratory rate and rapid heart rate. Consulting the physician a CT scan was done prior to shifting her to the ICU so that the patients condition could not deteriorate before completing the diagnosis. After shifting her to the ICU, the ICU nurse was provided with all the relevant patient information. For the patient it was important to carry out the scan fast for giving her proper treatment. Under such a situation there was an extreme need of critical thinking for evaluating evidences and understanding the severity of the patient condition. The nurse in the present case was successful in demonstrating critical analysis skills for using evidence-based guidelines for patient care. Hamric et al., (2013) critically analysed the implications for critical thinking in the nursing profession. As per their opinion, though critical thinking might seem to be easy from the intuitive point of view, research highlight that critical and clear thinking is much difficult. Some professionals might have such a thought process that rejection of scientific explanation is much more than what is accepted. The authors further highlight that errors in critical thinking is common and can lead to conclusions that are incorrect and irrelevant. This is treacherous since incorrect decisions are the cause of poor clinical actions. In such cases, the decisions taken do not lead to better patient outcomes (Lunney, 2013). Critical thinking can suffer a failure when logic is not applied appropriately. A fallacy is when the circular argument is used. A nurse might be writing a nursing diagnosis that reads coping is not effective and suitable, as evident by the inability to cope. In such cases, the problem is fit into a circle, and there is no solution to it. Another issue regarding illogical thought process is called as appeal to tradition. It is the tendency to follow the status quo and restrict creativity due to traditions. Further, errors might happen when a nurse has a thinking process that focuses on generalization and evidence is not focused on (Chang et al., 2011). Raymond et al., (2017) pointed out two pitfalls of critical thinking in the healthcare system, as demonstrated by different healthcare professionals, including nurses. These two pitfalls are close-minded approach and bias. Nurses are humans, and all humans have a certain scope for biases. Critical thinkers might be guided by such biases, and in this process, the thinking process might get compromised. Biases are a prime cause of complicated patient care. If a nurse thinks that a patient who is alcoholic acts as a manipulator, he might ignore the complaints put forward by the patient that they are in pain and anxious. The signs of delirium tremens might be missed in such cases. In addition, if a nurse is close-minded, the situations can be highly unsafe. This is because other viewpoints are not considered in such cases. In addition, essential and crucial input from other healthcare professionals or the patient might be ignored if a nurse is close-minded. Some of the noteworthy barriers to critical thinking have been illustrated in the works of Maneval et al., (2011). These include self-focusing, face-saving, resistance to change, conformity, stereotyping and self-deception. The personal factors that play a key role in influencing critical thinking are age, moral development, emotional intelligence, self-confidence, past experiences, knowledge of decision making process, interpersonal skills and effective learning skills. The situational factors that have the power to guide critical thinking include awareness of risks, anxiety, fatigue and stress, awareness of resources, positive reinforcement and knowledge of related factors. Moreover, time limitations, the presence of motivational factors, judgmental styles and environmental factors also influence nursing critical thinking. Carter et al., (2016) in this context highlighted that certain habits and errors might lead to uncritical or shallow decisions in place of judgments that are car eful and appropriate. These encompass resistance to change, conformity, ethnocentricity, rationalization, oversimplification, unwarranted assumptions and underdeveloped common sense. Ethnocentricity refers to the attitude that ones own perceptions are supreme as compared to others. Resistance to change is a result of anxiety and fear. Ego or face-saving compels a nurse to preserve the image when reality comes as a threat. Under such situations, the nurse is restricted from carrying out critical thinking. While simplification makes the nursing process easier, oversimplification is harmful. Oversimplification distorts the whole process of nursing to a considerable extent. Coming to the end of the discussion it is to be highlighted that critical thinking demonstrated by nurses is a crucial element of optimal quality nursing care and professional accountability. Critical thinking is influenced largely by experience and knowledge wherein nurses use strategies for delivering holistic care. Nurses who are critical thinkers exhibit some key qualities including creativity, confidence, contextual perspective, flexibility, sensitivity, open-mindedness, determination, reflection, inquisitiveness and intellectual integrity. Critical thinkers need to practice a number of cognitive skills for analyzing and discriminating information, and showcasing logical reasoning ability that is essential for transforming knowledge. Critical thinning together with creativity holds the potential to refine the results of nursing practice. With strong determination to exhibit this skill, a nurse can face multifaceted clinical situations that are complex and need high-class interve ntions. Challenges in daily practice are natural to emerge; however, this can only be combated if a nurse is a critical thinker. Different clinical situations in a hospital setting can be faced if the approach is robust. Thus, nurses are to adopt positions promoting critical thinking for giving meaningful care even if situations are complex and resources are limited. Nurses must acknowledge that critical thinking can transform the profession of nursing for the better. References Black, B. (2016).Professional Nursing-E-Book: Concepts Challenges. Elsevier Health Sciences. Carter, A. G., Creedy, D. K., Sidebotham, M. (2016). Efficacy of teaching methods used to develop critical thinking in nursing and midwifery undergraduate students: a systematic review of the literature.Nurse education today,40, 209-218. Chang, M. J., Chang, Y. J., Kuo, S. H., Yang, Y. H., Chou, F. H. (2011). Relationships between critical thinking ability and nursing competence in clinical nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,20(21?22), 3224-3232. Chinn, P. L., Kramer, M. K. (2013).Integrated Theory Knowledge Development in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences Choi, E., Lindquist, R., Song, Y. (2014). Effects of problem-based learning vs. traditional lecture on Korean nursing students' critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-directed learning.Nurse education today,34(1), 52-56. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Donahue, M. P. (2011).Nursing, the finest art: An illustrated history. Mosby. Finkelman, A. (2015).Leadership and Management in Nursing: Core Competencies for Quality Care. Pearson. Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., O'Grady, E. T. (2013).Advanced Practice Nursing-E-Book: An Integrative Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kong, L. N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y. Q., Mou, S. Y., Gao, H. M. (2014). The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), 458-469. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Berry, C., Yost, J. (2013).Study Guide for Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lunney, M. (Ed.). (2013).Critical thinking to achieve positive health outcomes: Nursing case studies and analyses. John Wiley Sons. Maneval, R. E., Filburn, M. J., Deringer, S. O., Lum, G. D. (2011). Concept mapping: does it improve critical thinking ability in practical nursing students?.Nursing Education Perspectives,32(4), 229-233. Oja, K. J. (2011). Using problem-based learning in the clinical setting to improve nursing students critical thinking: an evidence review.Journal of Nursing Education,50(3), 145-151. Popil, I. (2011). Promotion of critical thinking by using case studies as teaching method.Nurse education today,31(2), 204-207. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016).Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Raymond, C., Profetto-McGrath, J., Myrick, F., Strean, W. B. (2017). An Integrative Review of the Concealed Connection: Nurse Educators' Critical Thinking.Journal of Nursing Education,56(11), 648.