The Dividend Relevance Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1310 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The paper starts by examining the effect of taxes on earning of a corporation in respect of dividends capital gains. In the journal article prepared by (Brennan, 1970) he asserted through the work of (Selwyn, 1967) that corporate earnings are paid out entirely as dividends and are taxed as personal income. In addition to this, (Selwyn, 1967) also stated that corporate earnings are translated into capital gains with all gains being realised immediately by investors and taxed at capital gains rates. (Selwyn, 1967) Further developed a model which calculates the operating income per share of the entity before interest and tax payments. By partially differentiating the model with respect to; the amount of corporate debt outstanding per share of common stock (Dc) the amount of personal debt outstanding per share of common stock (Dp), we get the cost of personal corporate debt. Which the results assert through (Selwyn, 1967) that; Tp Tg + Tc + TgTc Where; Tp, Tg, Tc, denot e the marginal personal income, capital gains corporate tax rate. The above verifies that the tax rate on personal income exceeds the tax rate on capital gains cumulated with the tax rate of corporations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Dividend Relevance Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The paper further explains why in spite of the above, firms still prefer paying dividends which have a higher cost as opposed to capital gains. Dividend relevance Theory Signaling Theory According to this theory in an imperfect information setting, dividends act like a signal to investors from management on the expected cash flows of the firm. Bhattacharya 1979(p.260) ignored other sources of information such as account reports, on the basis that they are unreliable alone as they contain moral hazard when reporting profitability. A reason for a firm to pay dividends is, Martin Feldstein and Jerry Green 1983(p.2) if a firm decides to opt increasing retained earnings; it will negatively affect return on capital and increase the total level of investment. Also having increased retained earnings could completely or partially replace debt finance, hence affecting capital structure of the firm. Litner (1956) and Fama and Babier (1960) found a positive liaison between the annual dividend paid by a firm and the earnings of the firm that agrees in harmony with the perspective that firms will normally increase or pay-out high dividends with their earnings . This will therefore signal to outside investors the performance of the firm, hence increasing the cash flow of the firm as it attracts new investors. Agency Cost of Dividend Policy Giving out dividends reduces the agency problem between shareholders and management, the reason being that there is a reduction in discretionary funds available to management. Dividends hedge against the chance of a firm going bankrupt before there is a distribution of saved up assets. If we assumed that managers are not perfect agents in the corporate venture, but that they pursue their own interests when they can, and because the managers are not the residual claimants to the firms income stream, there might be a considerable deviation between their interests and those of the other participants. Given the existence of debt, managers can control the amount of risk and one way they can is by selecting a dividend policy. If managers first issue debt and then go on to finance new projects with retained earnings, the debt-equity ratio will fall. The lower it falls, the managers risk is lowered and the greater the benefits given on the debt holders, who will then receive their interest rate but escape the risk. Financing projects out of retained earnings if unanticipated by bondholders-transfers wealth Dividends can a keep firm in the capital market where there is monitoring of managers at a lower cost, may be beneficial in amending the level of risk taken on by managers and the different investor class. This explanation offers hope of accepting why firms instantaneously pay out dividends and raise new funds in the capital market. Bird-in-hand theory This viewpoint states that there is a direct relationship between firm dividend policy and market value. Closely related to the signalling idea is the notion that shareholders distrust the management and fear that retained earnings will be wasted in poor investments, higher management compensation, etc. According t o this argument, in the absence of taxation shareholders would clearly prefer a bird in hand and this preference is strong enough to pressure management to make dividend payments even when this involves a tax penalty. The arguments are attributed to Gordon and lintner who suggested that there is in fact a direct relationship between dividend policy and a firms market value. Fundamental to this proposition is their bird-in-hand argument, which suggests that investors see current dividends as certain and therefore less risky than capital gains. Investors are risk averse and therefore prefer present dividends as opposed to future gains. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, (Harcourt, 2002) .Gordon and Lintner argue that current dividend payments reduce investor uncertainty, causing investors to discount the firms earnings at a lower rate, ceteris paribus, to place a high value on the firms stock. Conversely, if dividends are reduced or not paid, investor uncertainty wi ll increase, raising the required return and lowering the stocks value therefore this may be taken as a reason why most firms prefer, in spite of the personal tax differential in favour of capital gains, pay out a large share of their earnings as dividends. (J J, 2012) Investors deem returns of firms as unique and would prefer to receive dividends and thus giving them an opportunity to diversify their investment. Concluding remarks As noted by (Brigham, 2007) when deciding on how much of the firms profits to be distributed out to stockholders, the financial managers always bear in mind that the firms primary objective is to maximise shareholder wealth and this paying out of dividends should be based in large part on investors preference for dividends versus capital gains. (Brigham, 2007) further stated that according to the Clientele Effect dividend theory, different groups of stockholders prefer different dividend pay-out policies. Now, with this being said, stocks of these firms that tend to pay out more of their earnings as dividends tend to attract those investors that are interested in a sure dividend today as opposed to an uncertain future capital gain as explained by the Clientele Effect. Over above this, (Brigham, 2007) asserted that how much of the profits of the firm are distributed out to investors as dividends sometimes tend to depend on the investment opportunities available to that partic ular firm. Research has shown that firms in mature and very profitable industries where very few investment opportunities exist tend to pay out large proportions of their earnings to investors as dividends because there limited opportunities. The opposite has also been proved to be true for firms with a number of profitable opportunities available to them. According to other researchers, another reasonable explanation of why firms would opt to pay out large proportions of their earnings as dividends is because of the issue of separation and ownership of the firm. They state that the financial managers would pay dividends to stockholders to communicate the level of growth of real income of the firm because the financial reports of the firm do not fully outlay some aspects such as the future prospects of the firm. (Feldstein, 1983) Another explanation of why firms would opt to pay dividends as opposed to capital gains as explained by some researchers is that, elderly investors w ho are shareholders are probably subject to lower tax rates. Pettit (1977), during his study, found out that there is a positive relationship between the ages of investors and the dividend yield of the portfolios they hold. He further continued to explain why firms pay out dividends by stating that is so because these elderly investors depend on this current income from their investments for current consumption and also that they do so to avoid transaction costs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

The Controller Of Sdn Architecture Stronger New Heart...

The Controller in SDN architecture: Stronger new heart for Broadband Network Tian Mei Illinois Institute of Technology Computer Science college Stuart Building 10 W 31 ST Chicago, United States tmei1@hawk.iit.edu Abstract—Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new intelligent architecture which is composited by several kinds of network technology aimed at making the network as agile and flexible as possible. The SDN Controller is one of the most important components in the SDN architecture. The SDN Controller can help the network architecture to reduce hardware limitations, and allowing network engineers and administrators to respond quickly to changing business requirement. It indicates the perfect relationships between software†¦show more content†¦SDN architectures decouple network control and forwarding functions, enabling network control to become directly programmable and the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted from applications and network services. Figure 2. SDN Architecture II. SDN CONTROLLER 1. At first, the SDN Controller is designed as the following functionsï ¼Å¡ (1) â€Å"Translating the requirements from the SDN Application layer down to the SDN Data paths.† (2) â€Å"Providing the SDN Applications with an abstract view of the network (which may include statistics and events). â€Å" An SDN Controller consists of one or more NBI Agents, the SDN Control Logic, and the Control to Data-Plane Interface (CDPI) driver. As in Figure 3 shows, an SDN controller will command the switches, the switch will do what actions they should take by the southbound API. Open Flow is the only way between an SDN controller and switches. Anther need to point out is that the programmability of SDN controller is by implementing a northbound API. The Figure 3. SDN and Switch Open flow 2. The Functions of SDN controller. The SDN controller have ten factors totally. As fig.4 shows, there are 1. Open Flow Support, 2. Network Virtualization, 3. Network Functionality, 4. Scalability, 5. Performance, 6. Network Programmability, 7. Reliability, 8. Security of the Network, 9. Centralized Management and Visualization, 10. The SDN Controller Vendor. For example, for the security of the Network, the SDN

Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment Free Essays

I was appalled when I saw the first set of graphs conducted on the 600 employees, ND that the balance between life and work was so low on the list. Honestly, now that I have a child at home, I chose that as one of my top 5, but If you would have asked me two years ago I probably wouldn’t have put that as an important aspect. I obviously chose Job security because no matter what, I want to know that I am Important to the company and that they need me to be there in order for everything to run smoothly, which In turn will almost guarantee that I will always have an available position within that company. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second most important Job aspect to me is the availability for career advancement. I am the type of person that always wants to better herself and to climb right up that corporate ladder. I don’t ever want to settle with a position when I know that there is one higher and within my reach and ability if I were to try hard enough, and to complete the tasks necessary to gain that position. So if a company does not have the opportunity for advancement, then it is not the right place for me, and I probably wouldn’t even consider working there. Pay is obviously important because it is what make after working hard all day long for the company. It Is also what helps to support my family. As we’ve all heard â€Å"money makes the world go ’round†. I want to be rewarded for my accomplishments and to know that I am Important by the amount of money I make. The way I see It, the better I am at my job and the harder I work, the more money I make the company, so, why shouldn’t I be rewarded for that? The fourth most important aspect to me is benefits. This also would not have been Important before I had a family. As a high school or even young college student, you don’t think â€Å"l want to get great benefits when I graduate†. I honestly didn’t even know what the word meant until I moved out of my parents house and got a Job on my own. Now that I have a family though, the benefits are most definitely an Important aspect of any Job. After reviewing the chart by the SHIRR my results are much more Like theirs than on the website. My numbers 1, 3, 4, and 5 are all located within the top 5 on their chart. My number 2, Career Advancement was not located anywhere on the top of can’t, out actually second to last. I Nils contuses me, Decease tenet under two Is compensation and pay, but in order to make more money, you must advance your career. The farther up the corporate ladder you are, the more money you are likely to make. I guess when taking part in the survey people were not thinking about advancing their careers to make more money, but maybe were happy with where they were within their business. It is most definitely possible to get a raise in pay without changing positions and advancing. Everyone has different ways of thinking and maybe other people are not like me. Maybe they do not like change and want to be within the same position for as long as that position is available to them. There is no wrong or right when it comes to people’s opinions. I was glad to see that more people polled for Flexibility to balance life and work issues as I believe this is important to anyone who has a family or wishes to have one. I would say that between all three charts Compensation and Benefits have topped them, which proves the saying â€Å"Money Talks†. How to cite Job Satisfaction Important Factors Assignment, Papers

Critical thinking in Nursing Process-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Critically discuss the significance of Critical thinking skills in the Implementation of Nursing Process, and exemplify its application at your own Clinical area. Answer: Critical thinking in nursing practice refers to the process of skillfully and actively perceiving, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating collected information through experience and communication leading to informed decisions. Nursing education at present times has been giving focus on critical thinking as it is frequently referred to in the nursing domain. Critical thinking has prime importance in the regular clinical nursing practice. The fundamental critical thinking skills nurses include the ability to demonstrate critical analysis, valid conclusion drawing, distinguishing facts and opinions, and undertaking evaluation the credibility of information sources. Critical thinking is to be considered as an indispensable process for the safe, effective, efficient and skilful nursing practice leading to best patient outcomes. Research has indicated that nurses can foster critical thinking through self-confidence, integrity, perseverance, and interest for research (Finkelman, 2015). The present paper critically discusses the significance of critical thinking skills in the implementation of the nursing process. In addition, exemplification of its application is provided with respect to the clinical area of the hospital setting. Evidence from a rich pool of literary sources guide this paper. The paper ends with a cumulative conclusion to the comprehensive discussion. Critical thinking, as highlighted by Black (2016) is considered by nurses for application in practice with the aim of solving problems and undertaking a flawless decision making process that enhances the impact of nursing care. Researchers indicate the benefit of critical thinking in ensuring efficient and safe nursing intervention. Critical thinking is the mental active process that considers subtle analysis of information for conviction for action. Nursing education has focused on critical thinking for more than five decades, guiding an evolution of the definition for critical thinking. A deep look into the literary source would highlight different definitions for the same. As per the American Philosophical Association (APA) critical thinking is the self-regulatory and purposeful judgment utilising cognitive tools such as elucidation, inquiry, assessment, inference for resting the judgment on. Critical thinking also upholds explanation of the methodological, evidential, criteriolog ical, conceptual, or contextual clinical considerations. A more general explanation for critical thinking has been given by (DiCenso et al., 2014). As per the authors, critical thinking is the self-monitored, self-directed, self-corrective and self-disciplined thinking. It acts by supposing assent to arduous standards of quality care. In addition, it entails effective communication and problem solving capabilities. Nurses showing critical thinking abilities are expected to overcome socio-centrism and egocentrism. All nurses are expected to develop a good habit of showing. However, they are not in a position to escape the fundamental structures of the clinical traditions and practices that guide clinical decision making under certain conditions. LoBiondo-Wood et al., (2013) opined that a set of skills are to be cultivated by a nurse in order to demonstrate critical thinking skills. These encompass critical analysis, introductory and concluding justification, valid conclusion, distinguishing facts and opinions to assess the credibility of sources of information, clarification of concepts, and recognition conditions. Critical analysis refers to the process of asking questions to determine the difference between ideas that are necessary and unnecessary. Such an analysis is necessary for extracting out the important ideas and information. This thus rationalizes any certain idea that determines what is appropriate and what is not. Two other critical thinking skills are the inference and concluding justification. When justification is upheld for inductive generalizations from a large set of observations and data, a unique interpretation can be formed. Justification, however, is to be formed from the general concept to something sp ecific. In the process of critical thinking, a nurse is to discriminate and analyze prerogatives on the basis of facts, opinions, conclusions and judgments. A primitive stage of critical thinking is assessment. This refers to the action of confirming the correctness and truthfulness of the gathered information by collecting and studying other pools of evidence as well as relevant informants (Potter et al., 2016). Popil (2011) demystified critical thinking skills and implications in nursing context. This certain skills in an integral aspect of nursing that saves crisis from occurring. Crisis is common to occur in hospital settings since different professionals work with different mindset and approaches. Nurses who are critical thinkers do not usually jump to irrelevant conclusions since the thought process is rational. Critical thinking is also to be perceived as reflective wherein nurses think of previous experiences and apply lessons learnt in present context. Critical thinking is also autonomous since there is no chance of manipulating the individual. A very important element of critical thinking is creative thinking, embedded in principles of coming up with original ideas. The authors, however, highlighted that nurses holding responsible positions in healthcare settings must be aware of the environment around before applying critical thinking skills. Environments that encourage and stimula te novice ideas are bets for showcasing critical analysis skills. Nurses who take manager position are to scrutinize the impact on other professionals before drawing a conclusion for avoiding conflicts. Kong et al., (2014) pinpointed the benefits and profits of having critical thinking skills in a hospital environment. As suggested by the authors, critical thinking is not just a concept. Rather, it is a real-life model helping in building successful problem solving abilities. It is actually a comprehensive system that focuses on adhering to logical steps and arriving at an appropriate and decisive conclusion. The main benefits of critical thinking are the ability to save time and have a different approach. A mindset guided by critical thinking saves time since irrelevant information is ignored and relevant information is given focus on. Prioritization of resources and time is enabled by this process. When a nurse thinks critically, the learning developments of the individual is guided by the knowledge of how to approach problems differently. Instead of being dependent on a standard process, a nurse can think out-of-the-box and come up with novice and more advanced ideas. Oja (2011) has to say that critical thinking permits a nurse to see beyond the smaller contexts and learn how to make sense of factors that are fundamental to decision making. This understanding and perceptive approach are decisive to successful leadership and teamwork. Further, enhanced communication is a benefit gained. Nurse becomes a better communicator if critical thinking builds the evidence used for communication. Consistent points emerge for supporting the theory that nurses rely on for communicating the clinical scenario. This is pivotal for putting forward an idea and proposal in a proficient manner. Transformation in decision making approach is also evident when one has critical thinking ability. Nurses leave behind their tendency to rely on intuition and work more analytically. Lastly, a professional who is a critical thinker is more reasoned and gains appreciation as a balanced and mature problem solver. Making decisions in logic and appropriate reasons, instead of insti nct, leads to effectual problem solving (Choi et al., 2014). The application of critical thinking in nursing process can be best understood with the help of some clinical examples. Donahue (2011) gave a valuable example of critical thinking in nursing in a hospital setting. A patient had her left leg amputated above the knee. The patient was on a dilaudid PCA and was complaining of pain. Even after a considerable time frame there was no improvements made. The nurse informed the physician that the medications administered were of not much use. Additional oral opioids were added, and the nurse was asked to provide both PCA and oral doses, with the aim of weaning off PCA. The nurse in such a case was in a dilemma on how to achieve pain relieve and wean off PCA. The patient was asked to describe the nature of pain that he was suffering from to which he described it to be a nerve pain with tingling and burning sensation. The medications made his condition worse, and she felt like dying. The nurse demonstrated critical thinking skills to highlight t hat nerve pain are reported by patients who suffer from diabetic neuropathy. Patients with diabetic neuropathy are administered gabapentin for their pain. Critical thinking was again carried out for understanding whether this medication can work for patients undergoing amputation. The surgeon was called for, and an open discussion was promoted to highlight whether the suggested medicine could be used after explaining the nature of pain of the patient. The physician agreed to the idea and gave permission to administer the medicine. After two days of administering gabapentin, there was a significant reduction in the pain and discomfort feeling suffered by the patient. There was a significant improvement in patient condition thereafter as he could work with the therapies provided since the pain was curbed and made tolerable. Another suitable example of critical thinking undertaken by nurses in the hospital environment was explained by Chinn and Kramer (2013). A nurse was required to care for a 27-year-old patient. The day shift nurse had expressed frustration with the physician caring for the patient. The patient was apparently very sick and had resting heart rate in the 160s. In addition, he had low haemoglobin. There were no proper interventions provided till then. The patient had not undergone any key assessment. The concerned nurse immediately assessed the patients condition and found her to be lethargic, pale with increased respiratory efforts. Low blood pressure and increased heart rate were the chief concerns. The nurse immediately called a rapid response code for getting the physician as well as respiratory therapist. As the nurse critical thought about the patient condition, the need for IV fluids and blood transfusion became prominent. The rationales for the suggested actions were explained to the concerned physician who thereafter ordered blood transfusion. The patient was eventually shifted to the ICU. The nurse also critically analysed her condition and the fact that the patient was married struck her thought. Oral contraceptives place a patient at high risk for respiratory rate and rapid heart rate. Consulting the physician a CT scan was done prior to shifting her to the ICU so that the patients condition could not deteriorate before completing the diagnosis. After shifting her to the ICU, the ICU nurse was provided with all the relevant patient information. For the patient it was important to carry out the scan fast for giving her proper treatment. Under such a situation there was an extreme need of critical thinking for evaluating evidences and understanding the severity of the patient condition. The nurse in the present case was successful in demonstrating critical analysis skills for using evidence-based guidelines for patient care. Hamric et al., (2013) critically analysed the implications for critical thinking in the nursing profession. As per their opinion, though critical thinking might seem to be easy from the intuitive point of view, research highlight that critical and clear thinking is much difficult. Some professionals might have such a thought process that rejection of scientific explanation is much more than what is accepted. The authors further highlight that errors in critical thinking is common and can lead to conclusions that are incorrect and irrelevant. This is treacherous since incorrect decisions are the cause of poor clinical actions. In such cases, the decisions taken do not lead to better patient outcomes (Lunney, 2013). Critical thinking can suffer a failure when logic is not applied appropriately. A fallacy is when the circular argument is used. A nurse might be writing a nursing diagnosis that reads coping is not effective and suitable, as evident by the inability to cope. In such cases, the problem is fit into a circle, and there is no solution to it. Another issue regarding illogical thought process is called as appeal to tradition. It is the tendency to follow the status quo and restrict creativity due to traditions. Further, errors might happen when a nurse has a thinking process that focuses on generalization and evidence is not focused on (Chang et al., 2011). Raymond et al., (2017) pointed out two pitfalls of critical thinking in the healthcare system, as demonstrated by different healthcare professionals, including nurses. These two pitfalls are close-minded approach and bias. Nurses are humans, and all humans have a certain scope for biases. Critical thinkers might be guided by such biases, and in this process, the thinking process might get compromised. Biases are a prime cause of complicated patient care. If a nurse thinks that a patient who is alcoholic acts as a manipulator, he might ignore the complaints put forward by the patient that they are in pain and anxious. The signs of delirium tremens might be missed in such cases. In addition, if a nurse is close-minded, the situations can be highly unsafe. This is because other viewpoints are not considered in such cases. In addition, essential and crucial input from other healthcare professionals or the patient might be ignored if a nurse is close-minded. Some of the noteworthy barriers to critical thinking have been illustrated in the works of Maneval et al., (2011). These include self-focusing, face-saving, resistance to change, conformity, stereotyping and self-deception. The personal factors that play a key role in influencing critical thinking are age, moral development, emotional intelligence, self-confidence, past experiences, knowledge of decision making process, interpersonal skills and effective learning skills. The situational factors that have the power to guide critical thinking include awareness of risks, anxiety, fatigue and stress, awareness of resources, positive reinforcement and knowledge of related factors. Moreover, time limitations, the presence of motivational factors, judgmental styles and environmental factors also influence nursing critical thinking. Carter et al., (2016) in this context highlighted that certain habits and errors might lead to uncritical or shallow decisions in place of judgments that are car eful and appropriate. These encompass resistance to change, conformity, ethnocentricity, rationalization, oversimplification, unwarranted assumptions and underdeveloped common sense. Ethnocentricity refers to the attitude that ones own perceptions are supreme as compared to others. Resistance to change is a result of anxiety and fear. Ego or face-saving compels a nurse to preserve the image when reality comes as a threat. Under such situations, the nurse is restricted from carrying out critical thinking. While simplification makes the nursing process easier, oversimplification is harmful. Oversimplification distorts the whole process of nursing to a considerable extent. Coming to the end of the discussion it is to be highlighted that critical thinking demonstrated by nurses is a crucial element of optimal quality nursing care and professional accountability. Critical thinking is influenced largely by experience and knowledge wherein nurses use strategies for delivering holistic care. Nurses who are critical thinkers exhibit some key qualities including creativity, confidence, contextual perspective, flexibility, sensitivity, open-mindedness, determination, reflection, inquisitiveness and intellectual integrity. Critical thinkers need to practice a number of cognitive skills for analyzing and discriminating information, and showcasing logical reasoning ability that is essential for transforming knowledge. Critical thinning together with creativity holds the potential to refine the results of nursing practice. With strong determination to exhibit this skill, a nurse can face multifaceted clinical situations that are complex and need high-class interve ntions. Challenges in daily practice are natural to emerge; however, this can only be combated if a nurse is a critical thinker. Different clinical situations in a hospital setting can be faced if the approach is robust. Thus, nurses are to adopt positions promoting critical thinking for giving meaningful care even if situations are complex and resources are limited. Nurses must acknowledge that critical thinking can transform the profession of nursing for the better. References Black, B. (2016).Professional Nursing-E-Book: Concepts Challenges. Elsevier Health Sciences. Carter, A. G., Creedy, D. K., Sidebotham, M. (2016). Efficacy of teaching methods used to develop critical thinking in nursing and midwifery undergraduate students: a systematic review of the literature.Nurse education today,40, 209-218. Chang, M. J., Chang, Y. J., Kuo, S. H., Yang, Y. H., Chou, F. H. (2011). Relationships between critical thinking ability and nursing competence in clinical nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,20(21?22), 3224-3232. Chinn, P. L., Kramer, M. K. (2013).Integrated Theory Knowledge Development in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences Choi, E., Lindquist, R., Song, Y. (2014). Effects of problem-based learning vs. traditional lecture on Korean nursing students' critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-directed learning.Nurse education today,34(1), 52-56. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Donahue, M. P. (2011).Nursing, the finest art: An illustrated history. Mosby. Finkelman, A. (2015).Leadership and Management in Nursing: Core Competencies for Quality Care. Pearson. Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., O'Grady, E. T. (2013).Advanced Practice Nursing-E-Book: An Integrative Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kong, L. N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y. Q., Mou, S. Y., Gao, H. M. (2014). The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), 458-469. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Berry, C., Yost, J. (2013).Study Guide for Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lunney, M. (Ed.). (2013).Critical thinking to achieve positive health outcomes: Nursing case studies and analyses. John Wiley Sons. Maneval, R. E., Filburn, M. J., Deringer, S. O., Lum, G. D. (2011). Concept mapping: does it improve critical thinking ability in practical nursing students?.Nursing Education Perspectives,32(4), 229-233. Oja, K. J. (2011). Using problem-based learning in the clinical setting to improve nursing students critical thinking: an evidence review.Journal of Nursing Education,50(3), 145-151. Popil, I. (2011). Promotion of critical thinking by using case studies as teaching method.Nurse education today,31(2), 204-207. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016).Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Raymond, C., Profetto-McGrath, J., Myrick, F., Strean, W. B. (2017). An Integrative Review of the Concealed Connection: Nurse Educators' Critical Thinking.Journal of Nursing Education,56(11), 648.

Benjamin Essays - United States, Benjamin Franklin, 2nd Millennium

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was born into a modest family, but later became to be one of the greatest statesmen in the country. He shaped this country's course of events, which forever changed the way we live today. Ben Franklin made many contributions to the revolutionary cause. One could say he was one of the greatest fighters in the Revolutionary War. Although he did not fight physically with weapons, he powerfully fought with words. Among many revolutionary contributions, he helped draft and sign the "Declaration of Independence," he secured financial and physical aid from France for the war cause, he lifted many laws that were imposed on the colonies by the King of England, and in 1787, and he signed "The Constitution of the United States of America." When he met with the assembly meeting over the "Declaration of Independence," he addressed the delegates with the statement, "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." During the French and Indian War, he supplied General Braddock and his men with 150 wagons and 259 horses so he could march on Fort Duquesne. Ben Franklin led a small group of soldiers along with his son to Gnadenhuetten to build a fort to protect Pennsylvania from the French and Indian invaders. Within a few weeks, he had three well-fortified forts spaced out over 15 miles and suitable living quarters for the men. If Ben Franklin had not participated in the politics of the American Revolution, the Americans could have easily lost the war. When he went to France to secure financial and physical aid for the war cause, it gave more power to the Americans, which probably led them to win the war. If he had not gone to England to lift the taxes, that could have mean that more British troops most likely would have been sent over to make people pay taxes, which could have lengthened the war. Had he not participated in the war, it most likely would have changed the outcome of the war. It was very interesting the way that Franklin came up with and proved that electricity came from lightning. In 1752, he and his son Billy set out on a stormy night to prove the electricity was generated by lightning. He took a kite and attached a long ribbon to the end of it. He tied a key on the ribbon, about 7 feet away from the bottom, and was flying it as close as he could get it to the clouds. Franklin waited for lightning to strike the kite, which would pass down the ribbon to the key. Then, it struck! He touched the key, and he felt that stinging feeling of a shock! He was right, lightning did generate electricity!! He waited for it to happen again, and he put a special jar around the key, which will trap the electricity inside. Once the electricity was in the jar, he touched it and he fell back to the ground. He was right! Soon after the experience, Ben went to tell his colleagues who had worked on the study with him. To learn more about Ben Franklin would be a great idea. He was one of the leading statesmen in the new America and was a historical figure who shaped our nations history. He was a very bright and intelligent man who could enlighten anyone in many areas of learning. He was an inventor who came up with many ideas which are taken for granted today, such as the post office, or the library, or the fire department, he introduce methods of street paving and lighting, and he found ways to correct the excessive smoking of chimneys. Not too many people know of all the things he invented, and most people would probably be interested in learning about the things he invented or thought of. By reading The story of Benjamin Franklin by Enid Lamonte Meadowcraft, the reader learns of the things that Ben Franklin had invented, or the many Revolutionary contributions he made, or that he signed the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence and helped draft the "Declaration of Independence." The reader would also learn that Ben was a modest man from Boston who had moved to Philadelphia and worked up into the highest ranks in Philadelphia and became loved by everyone in Philadelphia and all of the colonies. I would recommend The Story of Benjamin Franklin by Enid Lamonte Meadowcraft to third through fourth graders

A Comparison of Jurassic Park essays

A Comparison of Jurassic Park essays When one reflects on the past two decades of film, many magnificent movies have been put into production. Theyre has been ground-breaking developments in all of the different genre, not to mention in animation and other aspects of film. If we were to list the greatest films of this era, we would find that many of these films are made by one man, Steven Spielburg. Steven Spielburg has directed some of the most spectacular movies of our time. And after watching enough of his works, we begin to realize that Spielburg has a style that can be seen throughout most of his movies. This style of his can be seen in both the movies Jurassic Park series and movies from the Indiana Jones series. Jurassic Park was produced in 1993 and directed by Steven Spielburg. It takes place on a remote island, where a wealthy entrepreneur secretly creates a theme park featuring living dinosaurs that have been created from prehistoric DNA. Before opening the park to the public, the owner(Richard Attenborough) invites a Paleontologists(Sam Neil), a Paleobotanist(Laura Dern), and a Mathematician/theorist(Jeff Goldblum), in order to ease the anxiety of his investors. However, theyre visit is anything but tranquil as the parks security systems break down, and the prehistoric marvels break from theyre containment and retake the food chain. But Jurassic Park hand more than just an interesting story, it was a technological breakthrough, taking a giant leap in the arena of computer graphics and spawning a new wave of film making. It was stunning, awesome, and terrifying all at the same time. Jurassic Park is, if nothing else, one of the most effective plays on an innate human fear ever put to film. It makes us realize how drastically different our lives might be if we werent the top dog on the food chain. Another marvelous film by Steven Spielburg was Raiders of the Lost Ark. This was the ...

Seminar unit 5 public health Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar unit 5 public health - Term Paper Example The examples of non-communicable diseases are obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer which can be modified through lifestyle change (Kotecki, McKenzie & Pinger, 2011, 98). Identification and treatment of multiple risk factors will help in addressing the burden of communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases can be prevented by reducing or totally eliminating the risk factors that contribute to the illness. Multiple risk factor reduction is a special form of intervention that aims in helping in the reduction in a series of risk factors that contribute in a particular disease, such as cardiovascular and respiratory illness. The strategy is most effective if the sequences of risk factors are cluster together in a certain group of people or population (Riegelman, 2010, p. 90). For instance, in asthma cases the different factors involved are air pollution, cockroaches, allergies, and non-compliance to medication tend to occur together and effectively to address at the same time. In addition, health teaching, screening and the multiple risk factor reduction are the key approaches and are part of the intervention of preventing non-communicable diseases and other illnesses (Riegelman, 2010, p. 91). Clinicians, physicians and even researchers had several interventions and approaches in treating the disease, but the question is: Are the methods and interventions cost effective and net effective? Multiple risk factor reduction techniques has advantages and benefits and with less financial costs in dealing with non-communicable diseases. For instance, increase exercise and diet modifications are the key interventions to solve obesity. Similarly, mammography, childhood vaccinations and immunizations, cigarette cessation program and other public health programs are found out to be cost effective (Riegelman, 2010, p. 93). Kotecki, J.E. McKenzi, J.F. & Pinger, R.R. (2011).

ARTICLE CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE CRITIQUE - Essay Example just in front of the period. 0.25 error in period. No need for double period after bracket.) It very carefully pointed out that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 there should be a space after1975, just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no need for double period after the bracket and there should be a space just after the period infron of L. erro in double period)The authors even indicated what hospital that the study was done at(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after at just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no space after the period in front of L. There is no need of a double period after the bracket.)The study even indicated how the capsules of medications were processed and delivered in envelopes prepared by this certain Swedish pharmacy(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 error in spacing after pharmacy. Ther should be a space after pharmacy. 0.25 there should also be a space after the period in front of L. 0.25 there is no need of double period after the bracket)The study determined that Celecoxib does not increase perioperative blood loss but reduces pain during the postoperative period after total knee replacement(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after replacement. 0.25 no space after the period infornt of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket) So it is not necessary to discontinue celecoxib before surgery(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007)..  (0.25 no space between surgery and the bracket. 0.25 no space after the period in front of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket.) The use of lidocaine and fentanyl in spinal anesthesia has been found to be very safe, effective, and efficient anesthetic but it has frequently caused nausea, vomiting, and pruritus, which then can lead to a delayed

Head On and Tylenol Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Head On and Tylenol - Annotated Bibliography Example 2011. The book provides a one-kind-consumer guide that provides solutions to over 500 over-the-counter medications. It provides symptoms for common problems followed by over-the-counter prescriptions to alleviate the conditions. 3. Maryanne, H., & AARP (2006). The AARP guide to pills: Essential information on more than 1200 prescription and nonprescription medicines, available through Medical Databases Online, General Databases, accessed 20th Oct. 2011. The book addresses the problems of adults over the age of 50 years. The book also simplifies the effort to find information about certain drugs by presenting generic drugs in a logical A-to Z organization. It also provides a close reference to related brand new drugs. This information has been vetted by a board of con tent specialists from the finest institutions in United States. 4. King, L., & Mary, C. (2009). Pharmacology for Women’s Health, available through Medical Databases Online, Nursing Databases, accessed 19th Oct. 2011. The article includes an insight into the basic pharmacodynamics principles that allows health professionals to understand and know hoe to prescribe drugs. It includes chapters that describe pharmacology of various drugs that are used in wide variety of illnesses. The arctle provides fundamentals of nursing, Introduction to Nursing and Critical Thinking. It contains concrete examples which allow studentds to understand and apply the five steps of nursing process in the expanding world of healthcare. The book provides a user friendly step by step work-book like approach to the five steps of nursing process. It also offers good solutions to the most difficult part of nursing, diagnosis. It also contains exercises that allow the reader to practice what he has learnt. The book focuses on the choices which have to be made while designing a drug for newly

Literature Review About IPS And IDS Computer Science Essay

Literature Review About IPS And IDS Computer Science Essay In this chapter is to provide the study and review about Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention System which have done by expert and professor. According to (Tony Bradley, 2004), intrusion detection system (IDS) is to monitor traffic and monitor for suspicious activity. And it will give alerts to network administrator and the system. And IDS also will respond to malicious traffic by taking action to block the user or the IP address from accessing to the network. According to (Ameya Talwalkar, Symantec Manager of Intrusion Prevention Systems), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) is a protection technology to provide security of the network. It is the front line to defence against malware, Trojans, Dos attacks, malicious code transmission, backdoor activity and blended threats. The next section will present the details of Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). Figure 1.1 is the flowchart of the key points in literature review about IPS and IDS. What is IPS What is IDS Literature review What is HIDS What is HIPS What is NIPS What is NIDS Identify Pros Cons Which are better to prevent threats Figure 1.1: Classifying the literature review 2.2 Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) There are some benefits have been justified Intrusion Prevention System as a breakthrough in the computer security. According to (Neil Desai, 2003), the main supporting idea on technical side of Intrusion Prevention System is inline network-based system. Besides that, there also have another variation of IPS which is called Layer 7 switches that have include detection and migration of Distributed Denial-if-Service attack (DDoS) and Denial-of-Service attack (DoS) based on awareness of the traffic. Every Intrusion Prevention System will generate alert based on policy or signature and they also will initiate a response which have been programmed into the system. These aleart will happen as a result for a signature match or violation of uniqueness. Secondly, according to (Benjamin Tomhave, 2004) there have a reports have identifies most of the Intrusion Detection System also have been include Intrusion Prevention System capabilities. It given a good defines set of signature or policies. So it makes sense for Intrusion Detection System work with Intrusion Prevention System capabilities. At the end, a successful deployment and the return on the investment will directly relate to how well to manage the solution and how well the network has been design. Thirdly, according to (Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, 2007) stated that Intrusion Prevention System are more in defence. It has been design to detect malicious packets inside the normal traffic and stop intrusions dead. And automatically block all the unwanted traffic before it bring any damage to the system rather than giving alert before or after the malicious packets have been delivered. Fourthly, Intrusion Prevention System has been added to existing firewall and antivirus solution. According to (Karen Scarfone, Peter Mell, 2007) Intrusion Prevention System is to monitor traffic and automatically drop the packets which has included malicious, scrutinizing suspicious sessions or taking other actions in immediate real time response to an attack. A good Intrusion Prevention device will check all inbound and outbound traffic. It can check on all types of packets and performs many type of detection analysis, which is a not only individual packet. It also needs to check on traffic pattern, view each of the transaction in the context of the packets come before and after. Lastly, Intrusion Prevention System product should take the advantages and implement some new detection technique and offer other type of intervention method. According to (Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, 2007) Intrusion Prevention System products should provide multiple modes of operation for user to choose, so they can become more confident in the product or change their network security policies. There are two types of ISP which are HIPS and NIPS. Host-based Intrusion Prevention (HIPS) is an application which monitors a single host for suspicious activity. Network-based Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) is to analyze protocol activity on the entire network. The next section will discusses about HIPS and NIPS. 2.2.1 Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) According to (Dinesh Sequeira, 2002), Host-based Intrusion Prevention System is a software program install on individual system such as laptop, workstations or servers. When it detected an attack, the Host-based Intrusion Prevention System will block the attack at network interface level or tell the application or operating system to prevent the attack. Secondly, according to (NSS Group, 2004) Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems relies on agents installed directly on the system being protected. Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems are binds closely with the operating system kernel and services, monitoring and intercepting system calls to the kernel or APIs in order to prevent attacks as well as records them. It may also monitor data streams and the environment specific to a particular application (file locations and Registry settings for a Web server) in order to protect these applications from generic attacks which signature has not yet exists in the database. Lastly, according to (Neil Desai, 2003) Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems are used to protect both servers and workstations through software that runs between the systems applications and OS kernel. The software can be reconfigured to determine the protection rules based on intrusion and attack signatures. The Host-based Intrusion Prevention Systems will catch suspicious activity on the system and then, depending on the predefined rules, it will either block or allow the event to happen. At the next section, we will discuss about Network-based Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) and intrusion detection system (IDS). 2.2.2 Network-based Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) Network Intrusion Prevention Systems (NIPS) are totally operating on a different concept which serves the purpose to build hardware or software platforms that are designed to analyze, detect, and report on security related events. Network Intrusion Prevention Systems are designed to inspect traffic and based on their configuration or security policy, they can drop malicious traffic as well as prevent the network from being contaminated with malicious data such as virus and worms. Network-based Intrusion Protection System able to detect malicious packets which are design to overlook by firewall filtering rules. Intrusion Prevent System is not a replacement for firewall but it is one part in the intelligent firewall. It is used to increase system specific or network wide security. The advantages of Network-based Intrusion Prevention System discussed as follows: NIPS reduce Constant Monitoring NIPS is an inline network device NIPS perform deep packet inspection NIPS as a tool to prevent attacks Tony Bradley, (2004), [Online] http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/hackertools/a/aa030504.htm [Accessed 5th March 2004] Jonathan Hassell, (2005), [Online] http://searchenterprisedesktop.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid192_gci1089830,00.html [Accessed 19th May 2005] Neil Desai, (2003), [Online] http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/intrusion-prevention-systems-next-step-evolution-ids [Accessed 27th February 2003] Benjamin Tomhave, (2004), [Online] http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:ZlxT5m72JZwJ:falcon.secureconsulting.net/papers/218-Research-Paper-FINAL.pdf+Benjamin+Tomhave+2004+IPS+articlehl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShEwpU07d-WvGPhlP3rIASlIyrH0CbGBjGBseUptTNHYRFqaApljgqESo9QEftMQHf3CApOji91saq_gEj-ZlLMXx3aPBS6SckaoJrzVwPiZBwTQ6gcpoHaH0ER-l4_ygilLw9asig=AHIEtbS-NuLUg635h_DHoKW8qafXwRwJUw [Accessed 10th November 2004] Joel Esler, Andrew R.Baker, (2007), Snort IDS and IPS Toolkit, [Online] http://books.google.com.my/books?id=M9plZZxJB_UCpg=PR3dq=Snort+IDS+and+IPS+Toolkit:+IDS+and+IPS+toolkithl=enei=_yDETK7iDM34cYK6la4Fsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-preview-linkresnum=2ved=0CDYQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Snort%20IDS%20and%20IPS%20Toolkit%3A%20IDS%20and%20IPS%20toolkitf=false [Accessed 1st February 2007) Karen Scarfone, Peter Mell, (2007), Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) , [Online] http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-94/SP800-94.pdf [Accessed February 2007] NSS Group, (2004), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), [Online] http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/BW013004.pdf [Accessed January 2004] Dinesh Sequeira (2002), Intrusion Prevention System à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Securityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Silver Bullet?, [Online] http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:OK14t-hsmQAJ:www.sans.org/reading_room/papers/%3Fid%3D366+Intrusion+Prevention+Systems:+Security%27s+Silver+Bullet%3Fhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShhB2J1ArllgI1mGNhp91RCpNpSf0t7BGUQtWPwmISpe3xmaTI0ym-Bh0Thlq2Gmoq9K6vRKN7xBKphn_fwCgUFaPej_NetBAPccgZXY0wSVyFAlLzsNkMwZjqSdn4XEdxAybctsig=AHIEtbQqUFej4tL8ln14oplPfky7GGstMA [Accessed 2002]

Views on Pride, Prejudice and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Preju

Views on Pride, Prejudice and Marriage in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice Pride pride n., v., 1. high (or too high) opinion of one's own dignity, importance, worth, etc. 2. the condition or feeling of being proud. 3. a noble sense of what is due to oneself or one's position or character; self respect; self esteem. prejudice n., v., 1. an opinion In the novel by Jane Austen, displays a severe contrast between Elizabeth and Darcy in the story. Jane Austen does this by discussing the theme of pride throughout the novel. The concept of pride in this book is defined as an excessively high opinion of one's own dignity, importance and worth. Throughout the novel, Jane Austen satirizes the manners of all classes, exposing people who have excessive pride as rude and often foolish, regardless of wealth or station. While the term of pride pertains particularly to Mr. Darcy there are other characters that portray this trait as well. Jane Austen has depicted pride in her minor characters as a means of demonstrating its importance as a theme of this novel. Among the minor characters that Jane Austen uses to portray unattractive pride is Mr Collins. Jane Austen used Mr. Collins as an extreme example of how excessive pride can affect one's manner and be a very unattractive quality. In Mr. Collin's case, he prides himself on his sense of respectability, his profession, and his association with Lady Catherine. Jane Austen shows through the voice of the narrator that she disapproves of Mr. Collins, which is why she satirises him. ' MR. Collins was not a sensible manà ¢? ¦. A fortunate chance had recommended him to lady Catherine d... ...mily, finding refuge in his library or through mocking his oblivious wife. This becomes his only happiness. Jane Austen has positioned her audience so that we are influenced to agree with her attitudes on the importance of marrying for love. Austen has used her characters to express the issue of love. Such characters as Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas and Wickham and Lydia represent marriage for superficial purposes, which can never result in happiness. The juxtapositioned relationship between the characters of Darcy and Elizabeth show the audience that happiness in marriage can only be achieved if the couple both throw away immediate physical attractions and financial desires and marry for nothing else but true love. Works Cited: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. R.W. Chapman. New York: Oxford UP, 1988.

ELL Families and Schools Essay

The American education system has been faced with a grave challenge of ensuring that students from minority language groups have to read and write well in the English language. Being English literate has become an important aspect for the realization of academic success in the American schools which has an impact on the accessibility to the educational and economical opportunities that are to be found within the United States. This challenge has been compounded by the fact that there has been a growth in the diversity of the ever-increasing language-minority students. This paper shall examine the interaction between the families of English Language Learners and the schools touching on the social-cultural influences and bilingualism and home language use. The paper shall further analyze the parental and community resources for English acquisition in the Seattle area. Background: The number of English Language Learners (ELLs) has been steadily increasing which has become a significant challenge to the education system in the United States. According to statistics, in 1979, the number of language minority students was estimated to be six million and by 1999, the number had shot to an estimated fourteen million. In a survey done to establish how such students fared in the county, it was observed that less than 20% could score above the standard gauge as established by the respective states. Whereas only 10 percent of those who spoke English were found to drop out of school at high school level, the scenario was even worse for language minority students whose percentage was slightly more than 30 for those who could speak English and slightly more than 50 for those who could speak English with some difficulties (August and Shanahan, 2006). For the language-minority students who have difficulties in reading and writing English in a proficient manner, they have a limited participation in the American schools, workplaces and the society in general. Such individual usually faces an uphill task in competing for the employment opportunities and accessing power. The impacts of the inadequacy in the proficiency of the English language is not only a detriment to the self through self impoverishment but also impacts negatively on the nation through reduction of the country’s potential in terms of economy, innovativeness, quality of life and increased productivity (August and Shanahan, 2006). Socio-cultural influences on ELLs: The English language Learners (ELLs) can not be regarded as a single group as they exhibit variations when critical factors are put into consideration as opposed to the common feature that they are all learners of the English language. Socio-cultural factors play an important factor in the analysis of these learners. Such factors include the prior academic schooling; literacy levels in the homes; socio-economic status of the families; and the cultural influences in regard to the native language and the country of origin (Carrigg, 2006). In prior academic schooling, there are variations in what is regarded as elementary or primary education whereby it may refer to â€Å"k-8, k-6, 1-6, or 1-5 grades† (Carrigg, 2006, para 3). The location of the schooling [whether urban or rural] is also important in the analysis on the performance of the student. Literacy in homes is a critical element in determining academic excellence in students. Vocabulary is first acquired in the homes and with educated parents; his becomes critical to the school going children. The socio-economic status of the family is also an important aspect in language acquisition. Poverty stricken homes have very little support if any to the academic language. There are also cultural barriers but their influences on language acquisition are not serious. What should however be noted id the fact that culture and the native language has a more pronounced impact on the older student compared to a younger one (Carrigg, 2006). Bilingualism and home language use: Most parents of the English language learners avoid speaking their first language believing that this would help their children in the development of proficiency in the English language. This is regarded as a generalized fallacy and that the parents who engage in this deny an important aspect to the children in their developmental process. The knowledge of the first language is crucial for the children’s maintenance of family relationships and cultural identity of the children (van Broekhuizen, 2010). The parents generally assume that learning two languages is a difficult task and could impede the development of language. They believe that the child will be unable to develop mastery of either language when exposed to the bilingualism thus would lack proficiency compared to those who learn just a single language. They also hold the belief that the two languages would confuse the child and they would have to speak the English language with an accent. This is however not true as it has been established that close to 50 percent of children around the globe can learn more than two languages becoming fluent and proficient in both languages (van Broekhuizen, 2010). In fact some studies have suggested that bilinguals in some instances have outperformed their monolingual counterparts when it comes to performance of more complex issues (Brainy-Child. com, 2010) Parental and community resources for English acquisition in the Seattle area: The Seattle Public Schools are engaged in an effort to ensure that students who graduate from the schools are ready for the colleges through the implementation of a Strategic Plan which was to be conducted in a creative and relentless manner. The plan was committed to engaging all the families in what was dubbed as School-Family Partnership Plan. The family engagement has been defined as efficient involvement of family members or any other caring adult individuals in the education of the children via academic support; advocacy; and partnership in the school system. The family engagements are implemented to ensure that students graduate when they are fully ready for either college, careers or life (Seattle Public Schools, 2010). To accomplish the mission of family engagement in the education system, various positions have been created to enhance the process. These positions include the director for family engagement, family engagement coordinators, and family engagement teams. The District parent/Family Advisory Committee has also been established to provide leadership, professional development, childcare, and transportation among other services that many be required. There are other components that have been established under the new plan to promote the engagement of parents in the education system (Seattle Public Schools, 2010). How to improve school partnerships with the ELL Families: Since the parents are the child’s primary teachers, it is important for programs that serve the English Language Learners to form a collaborative relationship between the parents and the teachers. In this regard, parents need to be provided with opportunities to participate in the child’s education. It is the duty of the teachers to â€Å"share information with parents about the standards, curriculum, and instructional methods that are used in their child’s class and help parents understand the results of various placement and achievement assessment measures that are used in the classroom† (Coltrane, 2010, para 9). It is vital for the home and school to work together to ensure that the students’ abilities are well nurtured and developed. Conclusion: The importance of the relationship between the families and school especially in English Language Learners’ schools can not be ignored. In fact such relationships are crucial in the development of language proficiency amongst the learners in a more comprehensive manner. ELL schools should therefore be encouraged to establish sound relationships with the families of learners to ensure academic success. Reference: August, D. and Shanahan, T. , (2006). Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from; http://www. cal. org/projects/archive/nlpreports/executive_summary. pdf Brainy-Child. com, (2010). The Impact of Bilingualism on Overall Language Development and Academic Success. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from; http://www. brainy-child. com/article/bilingual. shtml. Carrigg, F. , (2006). Teaching ELLs in the Content Areas. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from; http://www. state. nj. us/education/njpep/pd/iel/powerpt/TeachingELLsin_ContentAreas. ppt. Coltrane, B. (2010). Working With Young English Language Learners: Some Considerations. Eric Digest. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from; http://www. ericdigests. org/2004-2/young. html. Seattle Public Schools, (2010). Seattle Public Schools: School Family Partnerships District Plan 2009-2010. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from; http://www. seattleschools. org/area/fam/documents/SFP%20District%20Pl

Structural Functionalist Theory

This essay is an attempt to discuss the problems political parties in Zambia are facing by using structural-functionalist and their contributions to liberal democracy. The academic piece shall begin by defining the key terms; those being, structural-functionalist, political parties and liberal democracy. This will be followed by a comprehensive discussion of political parties, focused on, with examples, the Zambian scene. Lastly, a brief conclusion based on the discussion will be outlined.â€Å"Functionalism holds that society is a complex system whose various parts work together to produce stability and solidarity† (Giddens 2006:20). It also views society in terms of their functions. Merton (1968), made an important distinctions between manifest and latent functions. The manifest functions of an institution are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of the society such as the university’s role in classifying acade mic competence and excellence.By contrast, latent functions as unconscious or unintended functions and may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. Structural-functionalist acknowledges that not all parts of the society contribute to its stability all the time. This function refers to an element or process in society that may actually disrupt as social system or lead to a decrease in stability† (Schaefer, 2004: 14). Social life depends on unity and cooperation of a group.The functionalist points out that for society to be stable the different parts of the society must contribute to the stability of society. For instance, the teachers should teach the society to reduce illiteracy, the doctors are making sure that society is healthy, and the police maintain order. Hence society becomes stable since everyone is contributing. According to MacIver (1962), a political party is an association organized in support of some principles or policy which constitutional means it endeavors to make the determinant of government.Not only that, a political party consists of a group of citizens, more or less organized, who act as a political unit and who by the use of their voting power, aim to control the government and carry out their general policies. Similarly, a political party is different from a pressure group, though in some cases the distinction between the two is almost blurred. According to Ball (1976), It may be said that a political party is an organization of numerous people who are openly committed to broad matters of public policy and who want to assume direct responsibility  for their policies by seeking monopolize power or share it with other parties in a position of political power.According to Barker (1951), the panorama of a party system is so fluid that a good number of pressure groups behave like political parties. The cases of fragmentation and polarization of political parties may also be taken note of. It is also possible that some minor politi cal organizations emerge at the time of elections and then they disappear. But the most essential fact remains that three, four even more parties manage to share power.For instance, in Zambia before voting is taken place, there are many parties heard like Movement for Multiparty Development (MMD), United Party for National Development (UPND), Patriot Front (PF) and Heritage Party (HP). But at the end of elections only few will be available to be strong holding oppositions party for example the UPND and MMD. Political parties act as a check against the tendency of absolutism and totalitarianism, ideologies also known by names such as ‘Caesarism’ and ‘Bonapartism’ (CITE). When one party forms government or few form coalition to hold power, other parties play a role of opposition.It not only keeps the government vigilant, it also prevents it from being arbitrary and irresponsible. The leaders of the opposition expose acts of corruption, nepotism, scandals and maladministration in which great men in power are involved. According to Lasswell (1950), the political parties enable the power to hold the government in check. The constant presence of a recognized opposition is an obstacle to despotism, with a programmed fairly within the limits of a possible public opinion, is a bulwark against the tyranny, not only of a despot but also a practical political majority.Significant political developments have occurred in Zambia since the 2001 tripartite elections. After having had two previous elections in 1991 and 1996, the 2001 elections produced a multiparty Parliament for the first time since Zambia’s independence in 1964. These elections seem to signal that the country has moved from a dominant one party political system to a competitive multi-party system According to The Post Newspaper (20/01/2013), opposition parties have serious financial difficulties.And for the new member of the opposition, MMD, this is even worse. The MMD doesn't know how to operate without a lot of money. They were used to receiving a lot of money from all sorts of characters doing business with government. And the MMD was also parasitic on government institutions for resources. As a result of this, a series of other problems have appeared. Passions about the future of their party rightly fired people up, but wrongly led them to attack and despise their colleagues. The impact of disunity upon members of the party is clear to see.They must in the very near future learn again to display the camaraderie and common purpose that are fundamental to a party's prospects. If they don't do so, they stand no chance of being re-elected Also, according to Okar (2005), the ruling parties deliberately employ a â€Å"divide-and rule† tactic to fragment and weaken the opposition parties. Wilson (1956) says, â€Å"The numbers of parties that appeared with the opening to democratization is not a demonstration of increased participation, but rather of fragmentation and therefore weakness of the party systems†.Zambia had more than five political parties, and the dominant party was the movement for multi party democracy (MMD), which ruled the country since 1991 to 2011. According to The Post Newspaper (20/01/2013), opposition political parties like, UPND, that was bound together by regional, cultural and language ties is also now failing to conceal its problems and challenges. The regional, tribal and cultural glue that held them together is also starting to weaken. The hopes that they had of getting into government by 2011 have disappeared. The illusions that they had about their popularity have also dried up.And they can no longer deny the fact that they are a regional political party that has serious problems and challenges becoming national. Their arrogance and pomposity can no longer carry them. The bragging of being this and that has proved unsustainable because it is unrealistic. They can no longer claim to be the mos t educated, the most knowledgeable when it comes to business and economic matters, the leading entrepreneurs. Parliamentary statistics actually show that UPND has the least educated members of parliament of the three major political parties.And their leader, Hakainde Hichilema, who tried to project himself as a leading entrepreneur, an outstanding economist and a very rich man can no longer lay much claim to these credentials. According to Mwansa,(2012), The leadership of opposition parties suffer from overly rated ambition for power and pride, such that it overcrowds their effective participation on important national matters that affect the citizenry and poor people. They could be more effective by engaging government and the ruling party in debating policy frameworks on how to develop the country.Particularly,  pushing policies that address the needs of poor people such as improving access to clean water and sanitation, quality healthcare, education, rural and agricultural deve lopment, and debate macroeconomic policy frameworks required for growth and development, critically contributing to poverty eradication, employment creation and addressing inequalities. According to Soko, (2013), the opposition parties have to find their own political shoes rather than to follow in Sata's shoes if they are to earn confidence of the electorates on social and developmental programmers’.The strategies the opposition want to use today, of protesting against the Chief Justice, the demand to have a medical board to examine president Sata's health, the demand to have the constitution changed, among others were Sata's strategies when he was in the opposition. The opposition just seem to be recycling Sata's political strategies with the hope of gaining confidence and trust from the Zambians but this will not work for them as they are being viewed as imitators instead of being initiators.Opposition parties are also not given a fair chance by media. Media is always crit icizing them and portraying opposition parties in a horrible way. All favor is upon the ruling party which is not supposed to be the case. Lastly, one of the very crucial problems in Africa at present is the unwillingness of the incumbent parties to be opposition parties due to their over-dependence on the benefits available to the ruling parties. Therefore, they are ill-equipped to become the opposition.In conclusion, the ruling party in Zambia should try by all means to incorporate the opposition parties in some development decisions, there also has to be inter-party dialogue over how to move beyond the dominant party situation. Because the ruling party feel comfortable once in power and do not want to give chance to the opposition parties to rule the nation. Media should also be an independent source of information and not favor any party but be like a no man’s land that is not owned by anyone, the opposition parties should be able to broadcast their manifestos to the publ ic.

Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. The WritePass Journal

Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. Introduction Molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. IntroductionLiterature ReviewConclusionRelated Introduction In these few years, molecular gastronomy has become a key topic and it is the new fashion for chefs to offer their customers. This is a new culinary trend called molecular cooking has been investigated as the most exciting development in haute gastronomy. Molecular gastronomy is refers to a modern style of cooking, which is a discipline practiced by both scientists and food professionals that studies the physical and chemical processes that occur while cooking. As well as it is the use of such studies process in many professional kitchen and lab. Nowadays, molecular gastronomy can be seen in some haute hotels and restaurants, which has shown that this is getting popular. However, the confusion of molecular gastronomy has been appearing to be increase and what it was intended to achieve (Consin, J et al 2010). Therefore, this assignment is to explore the molecular gastronomy. Firstly, it is providing an overview of culinary changes through different periods including Tudor Kitchen, Georgian Kitchen and Victorian Kitchen as well as gastronomic figures especially Georges Ausguste Escoffier (1846-1935) who was a French chef had great contributions on gastronomy and an historical perspective and then summarise the origins and background of molecular gastronomy and the current literature of this subject. Literature Review The overview of culinary change In 17th century, gastronomy had major changes, new foods arrived in this century and the taste had change. The consumption of exotic birds such as peacock, swan, crane and heron decreased and they preferred meats were beef, veal, and mutton as well as huge quantities were still remained but only freshwater fish e.g. salmon and trout were the preferred (Strong, R 2003). In this period of Tudor kitchen, the consumption of meat in the Middle Ages was very expensive, rare and very much reflected social class who could afforded. However, the consumption of bread and pottage were reflected to lower class and peasantry as well as soft cheese and eggs were available if they had hen and cow (Paston- Williams, S 1995). Almost peasantry and lower class kept animal such as pig in order to provide some fresh meat, also animal were not only used in cooking, it was used in culinary and clothing, items like bone for spoons and leather for shoes and clothes. In terms of cooking utensils, most of the utensils were made in wood or terracotta clay and no fork were used as it was unknown at that period. The changes in Georgian time, sweet and savoury had launched in Georgian kitchen. Also, wooden trenchers and cooper pans had replaced by pewter, silver and copper pans. There was a big change in terms of British culinary habits in Victorian Period in 18th Century as well as there were more British citizens began to used imported goods. People lifestyle changed including what people ate and the way they preserved and prepared food, many kitchen tools had been invented and improved. Eating our market had been increased as well as foreign food. Taste had major changed between 1986 and 1990, fast food outlets turnover increased by 83% and cafà © and restaurant increased by 63% (Cullen, 1994). The greatest attribute of a chef has been to create a successful and lasting fashion. This is throughout history and the tradition has also continued to be well demonstrated over the last three hundred years, by chefs such as Alexis Soyer (1809-1859) and Antonin Careme (1784-1834). However other great gastronomic figure Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846-1935) had also emerged to contribute to the development of cuisine and gastronomy. Escoffier was a French chef and legendary figure among chefs and gourmands in gastronomy. He was also one of the most important people that developed of modern French cuisine and his cuisine technique was based on Antoine Careme (Escofffier, 1921). Moreover, Escoffier’s recipes, techniques and approaches to gastronomy are still highly influence today, not only France, it have been adopted by chefs and restaurants throughout the world. He wrote the definitive text on classical cuisine Le Guide Culinaire (1902). However, it was not until the 1970s, i t was because the supremacy was threatened by the arrival of nouvelle cuisine. In 1879, Cesar Ritz and Escoffier left from the Savoy hotel and therefore, Ritz had a chance to set up his own hospitality business, it established in 1898 and called the Ritz Hotel Development Company. For Escoffier set up his kitchen and recruited the chefs for his kitchen in London (Brigid, 2004). Many clientele of the high society came from Savoy hotel to Carlton hotel where he was cooking. Carlton hotel in London offered haute cuisine at lunch and dinner as well as tea, which has became a fashionable institution in Paris and later in London (Ashburner, 2004). However, after launching the tea in hotel, it caused Escoffier real distressed as it cased that customer might have too many meals in a short period of time (James, 2006) What has made Escoffier became successful in gastronomy. Escoffier had a better contribution in his culinary in 1913, he met Kaiser Wilhelm II on board the SS Imperator which was one of the largest ocean liners of Hamburg Amerika Line in Germany. The culinary experience on board the imperator was overseen by Ritz Carlton, the restaurant itself was a reproduction of Escoffier’s Carlton restaurant in London. He was in charged and supervising the kitchen on board the Imperator during the Kaiser to France. The Kaiser was so impressed with Escoffier’s dinner as well as Kaiser’s favourite strawberry pudding and named fraises. Therefore, he became Emperor of chefs, this was quoted frequently in the press as well as many newspapers, he was establishing Escoffier’s reputation as France’s preeminent chef (James 2006). Escoffier retired in 1920 but he continued o run the kitchen through World War One. The Morden Gastronomy In any historical account of gastronomy, Escoffier’s legacy is also can not be ignored. And in the modern gastronomy, he is generally considered to be main exponent of cuisine (Levy, 1984). In terms of his culinary, he broke the traditional culinary and lightened saucing and garnishing. However, he still remembered the primary for his efforts to simplify the kitchen working practices and utilise talent more rationally (Wood, 1991). He instituted the kitchen system in an effort to eliminate the disorganisation and duplication of prevalent in the conventional kitchens of the period caused by failures to institute clear cut accountability and work systems. According to Escoffier’s partie system, in the kitchen each employee was assigned a well defined role and operated within carefully fixed parameters. A full range of job titles were developed and some of had already existed, each of the employee who work in kitchen relating to specialist range of procedures and responsibilities. Escoffier’s system was hierarchically, it stratified over the twentieth century and it has been remained to some level. Although the shortages of modified with periodic of skilled talent, but the catering production and the changes could be improved from the technological advances (Wood, 1991). According to this hierarchy of the classically modelled ‘grand’ partie system, the top of the hierarchy was the ‘maitre chef des cuisines’ as also status as executive and was assisted by the ‘chef de cuisine’, which is the head chef that we know the role today. Below the ‘chef de cuisine’, there are one or more sous chefs, depending on the size of the brigade it was also hierarchically stratified and numerically titled, the lower possessing more seniority such as first sous chef and second sous chef. Below this level of the working members of the brigade, the specialists term ‘chefs de partie’ or other named as section head, it presided over by the premier chefs comprising chef, they were expect to be elevated to more managerial roles by dint of their knowledge and successful passage through of the ranks. The lowest rank in the class kitchen is ‘apprenti’ (Gillespie, 1994). Escoffier’s kitchen should stimulate and provides training in order to develop individuals to the stage where a thorough basic and eventual specialism in the craft of the chef could be codified. To some people thought that Escoffier’s hierarchy was viewed as bureaucratic founded phenomenon constraining innovation in cuisine. But the outcome of the system for chef was that they formed a formal job structure, a culinary aristocracy comprising those who had made it through the hierarchy to become a head chef (James, 2006). Nowadays, many restaurants and hotel the kitchen has been designed to be more productive and the organisation of production has become more systematic, this is designed around standardised final products, these changes is due to the cook chill and in the ability of yeast to be reactivated after freezing have changed approaches to the preparation of food. Therefore, the kitchen system have reduced die to the ability of technology to maintain freshly prepared food for long period of time (Riley, 2005). Moreover, technology of food production, storage and regeneration are supporting for attractions of food and the cooking order might require a long time for cooking. Other alternative is to offering a small variety produce at a controlled level of quality. This could be more productive, but it could segment the market (Riley, 2000). To addition, many people prefer ‘keep it simple’, which means not so complex of the food, even at the higher level in the restaurant. However, according to the French cuisine in earlier times, cuisine was based on Escoffier’s guide to modern cookery encouraged large a la carte menu (Riley, 2005). Not only the knowledge of French cuisine as well as other national cuisines have embedded within a set of physical or craft skill, this is in order to perform and motivate of the occupation chef. Despite the fact that the principles of cookery can be taught outside the French cooking class, it is essential for any level of cooking, even the mi xture of cuisine which is beloved of famous chefs. However, within the vocational education, there was debating of serious issues of resourcing chef training (Baker et al, 1995). The fashion of culinary Professional chefs need to have a well knowledge and skills, also cultural and artistic training are also essential. According to Ferguson and Berger (1985), creativity is important and the first priority element in culinary education, it is in order to develop the best chef in future. However, there was a research that mentioned culinary arts has been limited, but cooking is still seen as a skill oriented discipline (Horng and Lee, 2009). In the old days, the chefs were mainly focused on developing culinary skills and techniques, modern management concepts and creativity were not in the core when they were in training. However, in now a days, with the advantages of the internet and more advanced technologies for communication and transportation. Therefore food cultures and markets could become more diversified than the old days. There is an increasing number of creative professional in the culinary arts, it is because of the higher level institutes for culinary education. This has b ecome the most important in culinary education (Guildford, 1950). In the traditional assumption of individual’s creativity is mainly based on their own personal characteristics (Simonton, 1988), creativity is linked to environmental variables, and the outcome is that the environment might play a role in fostering, stimulating or repressing creativity (Sternberg, 1988). Creativity is mainly influenced by environment and culture, as well as the background and the context of the people where they grew up, in the special field which is to express the personal creativity and a range of other social and cultural factors (Horng and Lee, 2009). In recent years, the social and environmental factors of creativity have become clearer, cooperation and competition between chefs could also help chef encourage individual culinary creativity (Yeh, 2004) Nowadays, good chef not only needs a good skill and technique of cooking, they also need to have a potential of business management skill as well as creativity in order to enhance the commercial success (Gillespie, 1994). In recent years, public relations play an important role, it is to spreading information to the media or press in order to maintain a recognisable profile (Levin, 1993). Furthermore, good chefs noticed that the importance of fashion ability by establishing their won market within contemporary culinary culture. The merchandising of having an own brand product is one simple way and very effective of doing this, there a more chef endorse other merchandise, equipment, plant and companies (Gillespie, 1993). The status is very important to chef as a motivation and a major driving force of these individuals, also chefs have an ability to differentiate themselves from other chefs quite startlingly. Whereas, the status and the rank in the Escoffier style culinary was based as much on training program, as well as length of service and apprenticeships, the status hierarchy of chefs is much flatter in nowadays. Serving in the world great hotels is no longer as a guarantee of star status (Gillespie, 1994). The molecular gastronomy For years, there is a culinary combined with creative and fashion called molecular cooking, it is a new trend in gastronomy and it is the most exciting development in haute cuisine, it is a modern style of cooking which takes advantages of innovations from scientific discipline. It is a new fashion for chefs offering some fake food which is used by chemical and other ingredients. E.g. fake caviar made from sodium alginate and calcium, spaghetti made from vegetables and ice cream made from liquid nitrogen (This, 2006). Molecular gastronomy is invested by both scientists and food professionals that occur while cooking, the current objective of molecular gastronomy is to investigate and explain the chemical reasons behind the transformation of ingredients, also social, artistic and technical are the important components of culinary gastronomic phenomena in general (This, 2006). The origins of the term molecular cuisine was firstly invested by Herve This and Nicholas Kurti. Herve This is a French physical chemist and work at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique dates the invention of molecular gastronomy to 1988, he is specific interesting and keen on molecular gastronomy which is the science of culinary phenomena. Nicholas Kurti (1908-1998), he was a Hungarian born physicist and one of the leading experimental physicists. He is also interesting in cooking and always applying scientific knowledge to culinary problems, he had been given a title as the physicist in the kitchen (This, 2005). The name of Molecular gastronomy came from the international commercial workshop on the on the physical and chemical aspects of cooking which was run by This and Kurti, also Kurti and This used the term molecular and physical gastronomy. However, after Kurti died in 1998, they decided to use the less cumbersome term molecular gastronomy that they always preferr ed (This, 2005). Moreover, the epithet molecular was chosen to limit the scope of this new scientific enterprise on gastronomy the definition of gastronomy is the reasoned knowledge of all that relate to human feeding themselves, It is aiming to the preservation of man by means of the best possible food. The original objectives of molecular gastronomy are exploring existing recipes also introducing new tools, ingredients and methods into the kitchen and lastly, using molecular gastronomy to help the general public understand the contribution of science to society (This, 2006). Furthermore, the original of investigation of molecular gastronomy are investigate how ingredients could changed by different cooking methods, using machine of aroma to release and the perception of taste and flavour, how cooking methods affect the eventual flavour and texture of food ingredients as well as how new cooking methods might improve the result of texture and flavour (This, 2005). The chemistry and physics of the phenomenon, behind the preparation of any food is in order to gain knowledge through the scientific study of food preparation which enable to be healthier, attractive and more people to cook better food. As a molecular gastronomy, it could inspire chefs to create exciting new dishes and inventions (This, 2006). To addition, there were many scientists had contributions in the science of food preparation, but there was difference between the science of ingredients and the science of culinary processes. Although there have an impact on other aspect of lives, but scientific advances have done little to change the cooking habits (Kurti, 1995). In the evolution of molecular gastronomy, often there has been misused in the media for chefs apply molecular cooking techniques developed by scientists to their own way of cooking. However, molecular gastronomy has been misunderstanding that the trend on cooking or cooking techniques, consequently many chefs was successfully adopting tools and techniques more traditionally associated with the sciences than culinary arts (Blanck, 2007). According to Nation’s Restaurant News, Ferran Adria has always been promoted as being a founder of the molecular gastronomy trend in cooking and his restaurant el Bulli has been named as ground zero for the world’s molecular gastronomy movement (Walkup, 2006). Molecular gastronomy seem to be phenomenon throughout the European, but in USA there are two profile studies have been highly recognised into the scientific study of cooking: culinology and experimental cuisine (Consins et al, 2010). According to Food Product Design mentioned that the term culinology was coined in 1996 by American Research Chefs Association (ARCA), they described the fusion of two disciplines which were culinary art and food technology, which is to allow the blending of culinary art and the science of food (Cousminer, 1999). ARCA offers degrees which are focused on the science of mass food production and preservation of restaurant such as dishes based on culinary artistry in many colleges and universities (Cousminer, 1999). Molecular gastronomy has been launched over 20 years, Mr This analysis recipes from the old days, this is try and see whether the old chefs’ intuitions could be scientifically tested to show if they made sense or not (Cressey, 2008). This is because of many chefs often making very precise observations of chemical reactions in the kitchen. However, sometimes chef’s explanation was rather unscientific. Moreover, Mr this are interesting putting old chef’s quote through scientific testing is very typical of the French mind, more related to rationality and abstract reasoning but proudly attached to its century old traditions at the same time (This, 2006). Conclusion The aim of this assignment was to explore the changes of gastronomy from the old days till nowadays. The literature review had highlighted that throughout the history, fashion, modern and fashion of gastronomy as well as the newest culinary molecular gastronomy. The great people had contribution on gastronomy and they had a big impact on modern gastronomy as well as the changes of daily life in this century. Moreover, in the last 300 years, the changes inside the kitchen as well as cooking tools had all contributed to the improvement of culinary. Escoffier had a big contribution on gastronomy and his effort from the past had also influence the chefs in nowadays. He codified the cuisine of the time and also built up the foundations of modern professional cookery and food production management. To addition, the gastronomy movement from the end of the twentieth century, which is known as nouvelle cuisine was also initiated. This was supported by a range of chefs at the top of their prof essional and also supported by the influential and knowledgeable publishers at the time. Moreover, the physical chemist Herve This and the physicist Nicholas Kurti, they had explored the science of cookery and launched molecular gastronomy, even though Kurti died, This was keep exploring the science of cookery to culinary, also they referenced from the past gastronomic figures in order to improve the culinary and more innovation of science of cookery. Having used the term molecular gastronomy, it has since become also associated with culinary movement. Adria is a chef that developing new and distinctive type of restaurant concept, dining experiences and the most important is they also follow the traditions of the great innovators of the last 300 years who were working in gastronomy. Although molecular gastronomy is still very fresh and new to customers and might only offer in the high level restaurants, but surely molecular gastronomy could be common to people and this developments will lead to a lasting gastronomic movement, however, the movement will clearly need to be accepted and understand the name.